1979-VIL-48-SC-DT
Equivalent Citation: [1979] 120 ITR 14 (SC), 1979 AIR 1933, 1979 (1) SCR 272, 1979 (4) SCC 282
Supreme Court of India
C.A. 1864 OF 1972
Date: 13.08.1979
RAJINDER NATH
Vs
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, DELHI
BENCH
R. S. PATHAK. and P. N. BHAGWATI.
JUDGMENT
The judgment of the court was delivered by
PATHAK J .--These appeals, by special leave, are directed against a judgment dated September 17, 1971, of the High Court of Delhi, disposing of an income-tax reference.
There was a Hindu undivided family consisting of the karta, Lala Sham Nath, and his three sons, Rajinder Nath, Ram Chander Nath and a minor, Surinder Nath. The family carried on business. On April 29, 1949, land was acquired in Sunder Nagar, New Delhi, in the name of the karta, and the price was paid out of the books of the family. A building was constructed on the land and was completed in September, 1954. Another building was constructed in the following year on a plot at Golf Links, New Delhi.
On March 18, 1950, there was a partial partition of the HUF, and its business was taken over by a partnership firm, Messrs. Faqir Chand Raghunath Das consisting of Lala Sham Nath and the two elder sons, Rajinder Nath and Ram Chander Nath. The partnership firm debited a sum of Rs. 98,418 in the building account of the firm towards the cost of construction of the Sunder Nagar property during the assessment year 1955-56. In the assessment year 1956-57, the partnership firm debited a sum of Rs. 99,148 on account of the construction of the Golf Links property.
The assessees, who are members of the partnership firm, filed separate returns in their individual status for the assessment years 1955-56 and 1956-57. They claimed that the Sunder Nagar and the Golf Links properties belonged to the four members of the family in their individual capacity.But the ITO regarded the properties as belonging to the partnership firm, and in the assessment proceedings of the firm for these years, he estimated the cost of construction at a higher figure than the cost disclosed, and made additions accordingly to the returned income of the firm. The partnership firm appealed. Allowing the appeals, the AAC deleted the additions. He found that when the construction of the buildings was commenced the moneys were advanced by the New Delhi branch of the firm, and the debit in its books was transferred to the head office where one-fourth of the total expenditure was debited to the account of each co-owner. On that basis he held that the partnership firm was not the owner of the properties, and, therefore, it could not be said to have earned any concealed income.
The ITO then initiated proceedings under s. 147(a) of the I.T. Act, 1961, against the individual assessees for the assessment years 1955-56 and 1956-57, and the additions on account of concealed income originally made in the assessments of the partnership firm were now divided between the assessees and included in their individual assessments. The ITO rejected the plea of the assessees that as they had already disclosed that they have invested in the properties when filing their original individual returns there was no case for invoking s. 147(a). The AAC, on appeal, agreed that there was no default on the part of the assessees to warrant proceedings under s. 147(a) and that ordinarily the assessments would have been barred by limitation. But he maintained the assessments on the ground that s. 153(3)(ii) of the Act applied. In second appeal, the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, while rejecting the contention that I the assessees were not covered by the expression " any person " in s. 153(3)(ii), pointed out that nevertheless that provision could not be availed of by the ITO because there was neither any finding nor a " direction " in the earlier order of the AAC in consequence of which, or to give effect to which, the impugned assessments can be said to have been made. It also observed that no opportunity had been afforded to the assessees of being heard, as was required by Expln. 3 to s. 153(3) before that earlier order was made. The Tribunal further expressed the view that the AAC had no jurisdiction in the appeals before him to convert the assessments made by the ITO under s. 147(a) to "assessments passed under s. 153(3)(ii) ".
The CIT obtained a reference to the High Court of Delhi on the following two questions :
" 1. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner was legally justified in holding that the provisions of section 147(a) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, were not applicable to the case for the assessment years 1955-56 and 1956-57, respectively ?
2. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal was justified in holding that the Appellate Assistant Commissioner in appeals before him could not convert the provisions of section 147(a) into those of section 153(3)(ii) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, and that provisions of section 153(3)(ii) of the Act were not applicable to the instant case ? "
The High Court noted the finding of the AAC that the properties did not belong to the partnership firm, and, therefore, the excess amount of the cost of construction could not be regarded as the concealed income of the firm. The High Court observed that such a finding was necessary for the disposal of the appeals filed by the firm, and as a corollary it was held that the buildings belonged to the co-owners. This, according to the High Court, necessitated the " direction " to the ITO that he was free to assess the excess amount in the hands of the co-owners.
The High Court, taking the view that the co-owners were partners of the firm, and, therefore, covered by the expression " any person " in s. 153(3)(ii) of the I.T. Act, held that the bar of the limitation for making the impugned assessments was raised by that provision, and that the assessments could be sustained by reference to that provision. It answered the second question referred by the Tribunal in favour of the revenue and, in the circumstances, considered it unnecessary to answer the first question.
The present appeals have been filed by individuals who are partners of the firm. No appeal has been filed by Surinder Nath who, at the time when the partnership was constituted, was a minor and was not admitted to the benefits of the partnership.
The case has been dealt with throughout on the basis that if s. 153(3)(ii) of the Act applies, and the bar of limitation thereby removed, it is immaterial that the assessments have been made under s. 147(a) of the Act. The question, therefore, is whether s. 153(3)(ii) can be invoked. It is not contended on behalf of the assessees that they are not covered by the expression " any person " in s. 153(3)(ii) of the Act. The only contention is that there is no ".finding" or "direction" within the meaning of s. 153(3)(ii) of the Act in the order of the AAC in consequence of which or to give effect to which the impugned assessments have been made.
The expressions " finding " and " direction " are limited in meaning. A finding given in an appeal, revision or reference arising out of an assessment must be a finding necessary for the disposal of the particular case, that is to say, in respect of the particular assessee and in relation to the particular assessment year. To be a necessary finding, it must be directly involved in the disposal of the case. It is possible in certain cases that in order to render a finding in respect of A, a finding in respect of B may be called for. For instance, where the facts show that the income can belong either to A or B and to no one else, a finding that it belongs to B or does not belong to B would be determinative of the issue whether it can be taxed as A's income. A finding respecting B is intimately involved as a step in the process of reaching the ultimate finding respecting A. If, however, the finding as to A's liability can be directly arrived at without necessitating a finding in respect of B, then a finding made in respect of B is an incidental finding only. It is not a finding necessary for the disposal of the case pertaining to A. The same principles seem to apply when the question is whether the income under enquiry is taxable in the assessment year under consideration or any other assessment year. As regards the expression " direction " in s.153(3)(ii) of the Act, it is now well settled that it must be an express direction necessary for the disposal of the case before the authority or court. It must also be a direction which the authority or court is empowered to give while deciding the case before it. The expressions " finding " and " direction " in s. 153(3)(ii) of the Act must be accordingly confined. s. 153(3)(ii) is not a provision enlarging the jurisdiction of the authority or court. It is a provision which merely raises the bar of limitation for making an assessment order under s. 143 or s. 144 or s. 147: ITO v. Murlidhar Bhagwan Das [1964] 52 ITR 335 (SC) and N. K. T. Sivalingam Chettiar v. CIT [1967] 66 ITR 586 (SC). The question formulated by the Tribunal raises the point whether the AAC could convert the provisions of s. 147(1) into those of s. 153(3)(ii) of the Act. In view of s. 153(3)(ii) dealing with limitation merely, it is not easy to appreciate the relevance or validity of the point.
In the present case, the AAC found that the cost of constructing the two buildings had not been met by the partnership firm. The firm had merely advanced money to the individual four co-owners, whose personal accounts in the books of the firm had been debited accordingly. On that material, the AAC held that the partnership was not the owner of the property and consequently any excess over the disclosed cost of construction could not be added in the assessments of the firm. All that has been recorded is the finding that the partnership firm is not the owner of the properties. It is true that the finding proceeds on the basis that the cost has been debited in the accounts of the four co-owners. But that does not mean, without anything more, that the excess over the disclosed cost of construction constitutes the concealed income of the assessees. The finding that the excess represents their individual income requires a proper enquiry and for that purpose an opportunity of being heard was needed to be given to the assessees. Indeed, that is now plainly required by Expln. 3 to s. 153(3). The expression " another person " in the Expln. would include persons intimately connected with the person in whose case the order is made in the sense explained by this court in Murlidhar Bhagwan Das [1964] 52 ITR 335 (SC). It is one thing for the partners of a firm to be required to explain the source of a receipt by the firm, it is quite another for them in their individual status to be asked to explain the source of amounts received by them as separate individuals. On such opportunity being provided it would have been open to the assessees to show that the excess alleged over the disclosed cost of construction did not constitute any taxable income. The finding contemplated in Expln. 3, it will be noted, is a finding that the amount represents the income of another person. We are unable to hold that the observation of the AAC can be described as such a finding in relation to the assessees.
It is also not possible to say that the order of the AAC contains a direction that the excess should be assessed in the hands of the co-owners. What is a " direction " for the purposes of s. 153(3)(ii) of the Act has already been discussed. In any event, whatever else it may amount to, on its very terms the observation that the ITO " is free to take action " to assess the excess in the hands of the co-owners cannot be described as a " direction ". A direction by a statutory authority is in the nature of an order requiring positive compliance. When it is left to the option and discretion of the ITO whether or not to take action, it cannot, in our opinion, be described as a direction.
Therefore, in our judgment, the order of the AAC contains neither a finding nor a direction within the meaning of s. 153(3)(ii) of the I.T. Act in consequence, of which, or to give effect to which, the impugned assessment proceedings can be said to have been taken.
Reliance was placed by the revenue on CIT v. Vadde Pullaiah & Co. [1973] 89 ITR 240 (SC). In that case, there were two appeals before the AAC, an appeal by the firm and another by Pullaiah, a partner of the firm, filed in his individual status. The question was whether the business was the business of the firm or that of Pullaiah. In order to decide the appeal of the firm as well as that of Pullaiah, the AAC had to decide whether the business was that of the firm or that of Pullaiah. In finding that the business was that of the firm and not of Pullaiah, the AAC had necessarily to inquire into a matter which covered the subject-matter of both the appeals.
In the circumstances, differing from the High Court, we hold that the provisions of s.153(3)(ii) of the I.T. Act are not applicable to the instant case. The question is answered in favour of the assessees and against the revenue.
The High Court did not enter into the first question formulated for its opinion, that is to say, whether the provisions of s. 147(a) of the I.T. Act were applicable for the assessment years 1955-56 and 1956-57. It is agreed by the parties that if s. 153(3)(ii) of the Act cannot be invoked by the revenue, it is necessary to decide the first question formulated by the Tribunal. In view of the opinion expressed by us on the application of s. 153(3)(ii) of the Act, the case must go back to the High Court for its opinion on the first question.
The appeals are allowed, the judgment dated September 17, 1971, of the High Court governing the cases of the different assessees for the assessment years 1955-56 and 1956-57, is set aside. The provisions of s. 153(3)(ii) of the I.T. Act, 1961, are not applicable to the instant case. Accordingly, the second question is answered in favour of the assessees and against the revenue. The cases are remanded to the High Court for its opinion on the first question formulated by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal. The assessees are entitled to their costs of these appeals.
Appeals allowed. Cases remanded.
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